Prevalence of Internet Addiction among Students at an Indian Higher Educational Institution and some proposed Yogic Prescriptions for its mitigation
Rudra B. Bhandari, Rahul Chaihal
Keywords :
Internet Addiction, Yoga Therapy, Diet, Lifestyle, Swasthavritta
Citation Information :
Bhandari RB, Chaihal R. Prevalence of Internet Addiction among Students at an Indian Higher Educational Institution and some proposed Yogic Prescriptions for its mitigation. Integr Med Case Rep 2023; 4 (1):3-8.
Introduction: The Internet is integral to modern life, but its overuse harms health and is treated as an addiction. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of Internet Addiction (IA) among university students and propose an integral yoga prescription for its prevention and treatment.
Methods: Young's Internet Addiction Test was used to rate IA among 154 participants (Mean Age ± SD: 21.52 ± 1.57, 84 males and 70 females) randomly sampled from the University of Patanjali (UoP) in May 2018. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the UoP (UOP/IEC/2018/01-A).
Results: The Cronbach's α, 0.765 computed from the current study, indicated its applicability in the Indian context. Of 154 participants, 27.27%, 53.25%, and 19.48% were found with normal, mild, and moderate IA, respectively. The mean ± SD and level of IA were (42.66 ± 11.48; 11.69% normal, 57.14% mild, 31.17% moderate) for urban participants and (35.59 ± 11.48; 42.86% normal, 49.35% mild, 7.79% moderate) for rural participants, respectively. The mean ± SD and level of IA were (37.85 ± 12.56; 33.33% normal, 48.81% mild, and 17.86% moderate) for males and (40.67 ± 11.14; 20% normal, 58.57% mild, 21.43% moderate) for females, respectively. The mean ± SD and level of IA for postgraduate and undergraduate students were (39.02 ± 12.12; 23.81% normal, 58.33% mild, 17.86% moderate) and (39.26 ± 11.89; 31.43% normal, 47.14% mild, 21.43% moderate), respectively.
Conclusions: Female participants in the sample had greater IA. Higher IA, even among yoga students, warrants need of prescribing a preventive and therapeutic yoga lifestyle. The rationally proposed integral yoga lifestyle prescription described herein covering proper cleansing techniques, poses, breath regulations, seals, gestures, meditations, and dietary and lifestyle tips for preventing and mitigating IA, is to be tested in further research.
Chakraborty K, Basu D, Vijaya Kumar KG. Internet addiction: Consensus, controversies, and the way ahead. East Asian Archives of Psychiatry. 2010;20(3):123–132.
Kuss DJ, Lopez-Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World Journal of Psychiatry. 2016;6(1):143. https://doi.org/10.5498/WJP.V6.I1.143
Sharma KD, Gupta ID, Sharma V, Sharma R, Sharma D. Internet Addiction Pattern among High School Students of Jaipur City: A Descriptive Study. International Multispecialty Journal of Health. 2016;2(5):25–31.
Maurya S, Singh KN. Relationship between Psychological Aspects and Internet Addiction: A Review. International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy. 2015;2(1):16–19.
Mahanty B, Mishra G. Internet Addiction and Estimation Procedure, Among Computer and Medical Professional Students: A Cross Sectional Study Odisha, India. International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2016;4(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20160401.11
Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Binder JF. Internet addiction in adolescents: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013;29(5):959–966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.002
Sharma A, Sahu R, Kasar PK, Sharma R. Research Article Internet Addiction among Professional Courses Students: A Study from Central India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2014;3(9). https://doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2014.180620142
Flisher C. Getting plugged in: An overview of Internet addiction. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2010;46:557–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2010.01879.x
Bagdey P, Adikane H, Narlawar U, Dhage D, Kishor S, Kaware A. A Cross Sectional Study on the Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Its Association with Mental Health Among College Going Students in Nanded City. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2018;5(4):1658–1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181252
Ha Y-M, Hwang WJ. Gender Differences in Internet Addiction Associated with Psychological Health Indicators Among Adolescents Using a National Web-based Survey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2014;12(5):660–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-014-9500-7
van Rooij AJ, Zinn MF, Schoenmakers TM, van de Mheen D. Treating Internet Addiction With Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Thematic Analysis of the Experiences of Therapists. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 2012;10(1):69–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9295-0
Kuss DJ, Van Rooij AJ, Shorter GW, Griffiths MD, Van De Mheen D. Internet addiction in adolescents: Prevalence and risk factors. Computers in Human Behavior. 2013;29(5):1987–1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.04.002
Agarwal S. Internet users in India expected to reach 500 million by June: IAMAI. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/internet-users-in-india-expected-to-reach-500-million-by-june-iamai/articleshow/63000198.cms. Published February 20, 2018.
Jeter PE, Slutsky J, Singh N, Khalsa SBS. Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies from 1967 to 2013. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015;21(10):586–592. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0057
Mohan G. Exploring Yoga as Therapy. International Journal of Yoga Therapy. 2006;16:13–19. https://doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.16.1.eg82344786245592
Miller R. Yoga Therapy: Definition, Perspective and Principles. International Association of Yoga Therapists. Published 2013. Accessed December 13, 2018. https://www.iayt.org/page/YogaTherapyDefinitio?&hhsearchterms=%22yoga+therapy+definition%2C+perspective+and+principles%22
Khalsa SBS, Khalsa. Evaluation of a residential Kundalini Yoga lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2008;7(1):67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640802081968
Sharma MK, Bhargav H. Yoga as an adjunct modality for promotion of healthy use of information technology. International Journal of Yoga. 2016;9(2):176–177. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.183706
Khalsa SBS, Khalsa GS, Khalsa HK, Khalsa MK. Evaluation of a residential Kundalini Yoga lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. 2008;7(1):67–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640802081968
McCall T. Yoga as Medicine: The Yogic Prescription Fond Healing. Bantam Dell; 2007.
Young KS. Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment. (Young KS, Abreu CN de, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.
Frangos, Constantinos C., Frangos CC, Sotiropoulos I. A Meta-analysis of the Reliabilty of Young's Internet Addiction Test. In: Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2012. Vol I. WCE; 2012:8–11. http://www.iaeng.org/publication/WCE2012/WCE2012_pp368-371.pdf
Widyanto L, McMurran M. The Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test. CyberPsychology & Behavior. 2004;7(4):443–450. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2004.7.443
Satyananda S, Saraswati SS. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Bihar School of Yoga; 1995.
Frawley D, Kozak SS. Yoga for Your Type: An Ayurvedic Approach to Your Asana Practice. New Age Books; 2001.
Brahmachari D. Yogic Suksma Vyayama: The Complete Sequence of 48 Yogic Exercises. 2nd ed. Vishwayatan Yogashram; 1965.
Fields GP. Religious Therapeutics: Body and Health in Yoga, Ayurveda, and Tantra. State University of New York Press; 2001.
Rama S. Path of Fire and Light: Advanced Practices of Yoga. Vol 1. The Himalayan Institute Press; 1996.
Rama S. Path of Fire and Light. Vol 2. Himalayan Institute Press; 2007.
Saraswati SS. A Systematic Course in the Ancient Tantric Techniques of Yoga and Kriya. Yoga Publications Trust; 2004.
Sivananda S. The Bhagavad Gita: Word-to-Word Meaning, Translation and Commentary. 11th ed. The Divine Life Society; 2003.
Browne C. Natural Therapies for Overcoming Opioid Dependency. Storey Publishing; 2018.
Tiwari M. Ayurveda: A Life of Balance- The Complete Guide to Ayurvedic Nutrition and Body Types with Recipes. Motilal Banarsidass; 2005.
Holford P, Burne J. Food Is Better Medicine than Drugs. Hachette Digital; 2006.
Frawley D, Lad V. The Yoga of Herbs: An Ayurvedic Guide to Herbal Medicine. 2nd ed. Lotus Press; 2008.
Amr M, El-Mogy A, Shams T, Vieira K, Lakhan SE. Clinical Nutrition Clinical: The Interface Between Metabolism, Diet, and Disease. In: Coles L, ed. Apple Academic Press; 2014.
Holford P, Braly J. How to Quit Without Feeling S**T. Hachette Digital; 2008.
Frawley D. Ayurvedic Healing. Motilal Banaridass Publishers; 1994.
Stanfield PS, Hui YH. Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Self-Instructional Approaches. Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Mudambi SR, Rajagopal MV. Fundamentals of Foods, Nutrition and Diet Therapy. 5th ed. New Age International (P) Limited, Publishers; 2007.
Shiva SS. The Ãyurveda Encyclopedia: Natural Secrets to Healing, Prevention & Longevity. Ayurveda Holistic Center Press; 2005.
Bhishagratna KL. An English Translation of The Sushruta Samhita. Vol III. S. L. BAHADURI, B. L.; 1916. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1856273
Lavekar GS, ed. A Practical Handbook of Panchakarma Procedures-Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha; 2009.
Xin M, Xing J, Pengfei W, Houru L, Mengcheng W, Hong Z. Online activities, prevalence of Internet addiction and risk factors related to family and school among adolescents in China. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2018;7(June 2017):14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.10.003
Chiu S-I, Hong F-Y, Chiu S-L. An Analysis on the Correlation and Gender Difference between College Students' Internet Addiction and Mobile Phone Addiction in Taiwan. ISRN Addiction. 2013;1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/360607
Shek DTL, Yu L. L Internet Addiction Phenomenon in Early Adolescents in Hong Kong. The Scientific World Journal. Published online 2012:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/104304
Simpkins AM, Simpkins CA. Meditation and Yoga in Psychotherapy: Techniques for Clinical Practice. 2011th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.
Raghavendra BR, Singh P. Immediate effect of yogic visual concentration on cognitive performance. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2016;6(1):34–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.030
Iyengar BKS. Yoga: The Path to Holistic Health. 1st ed. Dorling Kindersley; 2001.
Rosen T. Recovery 2.0 Move Beyond Addiction and Upgrade Your Life. Hay House Publishers India; 2014. doi: https://doi.org/oct,2014
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya Yogic Breathing in the Treatment of Stress, Anxiety, and Depression: Part I—Neurophysiologic Model. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2005;11(1):189–201. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2005.11.189
Vialatte FB, Bakardjian H, Prasad R, Cichocki A. EEG paroxysmal gamma waves during Bhramari Pranayama: A yoga breathing technique. Consciousness and Cognition. 2009;18(4):977–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2008.01.004
Coulter HD. Anatomy of Hatha Yoga: A Manual for Students, Teachers and Practitioners. Body and Breath; 2001.
Buddhananda S. Moola Bandha: The Master Key. Yoga Publications Trust; 2011.
Kern MK, Arndorfer RC, Hyde JS, Shaker R. Cerebral cortical representation of external anal sphincter contraction: Effect of effort. American Journal of Physiology – Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2004;286(2):G304–11. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00201.2003